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<p><b>Mixed-use development</b> is a type of <a href="Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">urban development</a>, <a href="Urban_design" title="Urban design">urban design</a>, <a href="Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> and/or a <a href="Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a> classification that blends multiple <a href="Land_use" title="Land use">uses</a>, such as residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment, into one space, where those functions are to some degree physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mixed-use development may be applied to a single building, a block or neighborhood, or in zoning policy across an entire city or other administrative unit. These projects may be completed by a private developer, (quasi-)governmental agency, or a combination thereof. A mixed-use development may be a new construction, reuse of an existing building or <a href="Brownfield_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownfield site">brownfield site</a>, or a combination.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_North_America_vs._Europe">Use in North America vs. Europe</h2></div>

<p>Traditionally, human settlements have developed in mixed-use patterns. However, with <a href="Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a>, governmental zoning regulations were introduced to separate different functions, such as manufacturing, from residential areas. Public health concerns and the protection of property values stood as the motivation behind this separation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the United States, the <a href="Single-family_zoning" title="Single-family zoning">practice of zoning for single-family residential use</a> was instigated to safeguard communities from negative <a href="Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a>, including air, noise, and light pollution, associated with heavier industrial practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These zones were also constructed because of racial and class tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The heyday of separate-use <a href="Zoning_in_the_United_States" title="Zoning in the United States">zoning in the United States</a> came after World War II when planner and <a href="New_York_City_Parks_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Parks Commissioner">New York City Parks Commissioner</a>, <a href="Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a>, championed superhighways to break up functions and neighborhoods of the city. The antithesis to these practices came from activist and writer, <a href="Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a>, who was a major proponent of mixed-use zoning, believing it played a key role in creating an organic, diverse, and vibrant streetscape.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two figures went head-to-head during much of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, mixed-use zoning has once again become desirable as it works to combat <a href="Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> and increase economic vitality.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In most of Europe, government policy has encouraged the continuation of the city center's role as a main location for business, retail, restaurant, and entertainment activity, unlike in the United States where zoning actively discouraged such mixed use for many decades. In England, for example, hotels are included under the same umbrella as "residential," rather than commercial as they are classified under in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France similarly gravitates towards mixed-use as much of Paris is simply zoned to be "General Urban," allowing for a variety of uses. Even zones that house the mansions and villas of the aristocrats focus on historical and architectural preservation rather than single family zoning.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Single family zoning is also absent in Germany and Russia where zoning codes make no distinction between different types of housing.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>America's attachment to private property and the traditional 1950s suburban home, as well as deep racial and class divides, have marked the divergence in mixed-use zoning between the continents.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, much of Europe's central cities are mixed use "by default" and the term "mixed-use" is much more relevant regarding new areas of the city where an effort is made to mix residential and commercial activities – such as in Amsterdam's <a href="Eastern_Docklands" title="Eastern Docklands">Eastern Docklands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contexts">Contexts</h2></div><p>

Expanded use of mixed-use zoning and mixed-use developments may be found in a variety of contexts, such as the following (multiple such contexts might apply to one particular project or situation):<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p>

<ul><li>as part of <a href="Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">smart growth</a> planning strategies</li>

<li>in <b>traditional urban neighborhoods</b>, as part of urban renewal and/or infill, i.e., upgrading the buildings and public spaces and amenities of the neighborhood to provide more and/or better housing and a better quality of life—examples include <a href="Barracks_Row" title="Barracks Row">Barracks Row</a> in <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and <a href="East_Liberty%2C_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="East Liberty, Pittsburgh">East Liberty, Pittsburgh</a></li>

<li>in <b>traditional suburbs</b>, adding one or more mixed-use developments to provide a new or more prominent "downtown" for the community–examples include new projects in downtown <a href="Bethesda%2C_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>, an inner suburb of Washington, D.C., and the Excelsior & Grand complex in <a href="St._Louis_Park%2C_Minnesota" title="St. Louis Park, Minnesota">St. Louis Park, Minnesota</a>, an inner suburb of <a href="Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li>

<li><b>greenfield developments</b>, i.e., new construction on previously undeveloped land, particularly at the edge of metropolitan areas and in their <a href="Exurb" title="Exurb">exurbs</a>, often as part of creating a relatively denser center for the community—an <a href="Edge_city" title="Edge city">edge city</a>, or part of one, zoned for mixed use, in the 2010s often labeled "urban villages" (examples include <a href="Avalon_(Alpharetta%2C_Georgia)" title="Avalon (Alpharetta, Georgia)">Avalon</a> in <a href="Alpharetta%2C_Georgia" title="Alpharetta, Georgia">Alpharetta, Georgia</a>, and <a href="Halcyon_(Forsyth_County%2C_Georgia)" title="Halcyon (Forsyth County, Georgia)">Halcyon</a> in <a href="Forsyth_County%2C_Georgia" title="Forsyth County, Georgia">Forsyth County, Georgia</a>, at the edge of the <a href="Atlanta_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta metropolitan area">Atlanta metropolitan area</a>)</li>

<li>the repurposing of shopping malls and intensification of development around them, particularly as many shopping malls' retail sales, and ability to rent space to retailers, decrease as part of the 2010s <a href="Retail_apocalypse" title="Retail apocalypse">retail apocalypse</a></li></ul>

<p>Any of the above contexts may also include parallel contexts such as:

</p>

<ul><li><i><a href="Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></i>—for example in <a href="Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, where the cities made across-the-board zoning law changes permitting denser development within a certain distance of certain types of transit stations, with the primary aim of increasing the amount and affordability of housing<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Older cities such as Chicago and San Francisco have <i><a href="Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">historic preservation</a></i> policies that sometimes offer more flexibility for older buildings to be used for purposes other than what they were originally zoned for, with the aim of preserving historic architecture<sup id="cite_ref-Laitos,_Jan_G._2011,_pp._492_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laitos,_Jan_G._2011,_pp._492-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3></div>

<p>Mixed-use developments are home to significant employment and housing opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these projects are already located in established downtown districts, meaning that development of public transit systems is incentivized in these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By taking undervalued and underutilized land, often former heavy industrial, developers can repurpose it to increase land and property values.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These projects also increase housing variety, density, and oftentimes affordability through their focus on multifamily, rather than <a href="Single-family_zoning" title="Single-family zoning">single-family</a> housing compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-planning.org_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planning.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more equal balance between the supply and demand of jobs and housing is also found in these districts.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3></div>

<p>This development pattern is centered around the idea of "live, work, play," transforming buildings and neighborhoods into multi-use entities. Efficiency, productivity, and quality of life are also increased with regards to workplaces holding a plethora of amenities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include gyms, restaurants, bars, and shopping. Mixed-use neighborhoods promote community and socialization through their bringing together of employees, visitors, and residents.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A distinctive character and sense-of-place is created by transforming single use districts that may run for eight hours a day (ex. commercial office buildings running 9am - 5pm) into communities that can run eighteen hours a day through the addition of cafes, restaurants, bars, and nightclubs.<sup id="cite_ref-planning.org_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planning.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Safety of neighborhoods in turn may be increased as people stay out on the streets for longer hours.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3></div>

<p>Mixed-use neighborhoods and buildings have a strong ability to adapt to changing social and economic environments. When the <a href="COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> hit, New York retailers located on long, commercially oriented blocks suffered severely as they were no longer attracting an audience of passersby. By combining multiple functions into one building or development, mixed-use districts can build resiliency through their ability to attract and maintain visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>More sustainable transportation practices are also fostered. A study of <a href="Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou, China</a>, done by the Journal of Geographical Information Science, found that taxis located in regions where buildings housed a greater variety of functions had greatly reduced traveling distances.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shorter traveling distances, in turn, support the use of <a href="Micromobility" title="Micromobility">micro-mobility</a>. Pedestrian and <a href="Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">bike-friendly</a> infrastructure are fostered due to increased density and reduced distances between housing, workplaces, retail businesses, and other amenities and destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, mixed-use projects promote health and wellness, as these developments often provide better access (whether it be by foot, bicycle, or transit) to farmer's markets and grocery stores.<sup id="cite_ref-planning.org_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planning.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, hybrid metropolises, areas that have large and tall buildings which accommodate a combination of public and private interests, do not show a decrease in carbon emissions in comparison to metropolitan areas that have a low, dense configuration. This is possibly because hybrid metropolises are prone to attract car traffic from visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drawbacks">Drawbacks</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equity">Equity</h3></div>

<p>Due to the speculative nature of large scale real estate developments, mega-mixed-use projects often fall short on meeting equity and affordability goals. High-end residential, upscale retail, and <a href="Class_A_Office_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Class A Office Space">Class A office spaces</a> appealing to high-profile tenants are often prioritized due to their speculative potential.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a trend towards making residential spaces in mixed-use developments to be condominiums, rather than rental spaces. A study done by the <a href="Journal_of_the_American_Planning_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Planning Association">Journal of the American Planning Association</a> found that a focus on homeownership predominantly excludes individuals working in public services, trades, cultural, sales and service, and manufacturing occupations from living in amenity-rich city centers.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite incentives like density bonuses, municipalities and developers rarely put a significant focus on affordable housing provisions in these plans.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financing">Financing</h3></div>

<p>Mixed-use buildings can be risky given that there are multiple tenants residing in one development.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mega-mixed-use projects, like <a href="Hudson_Yards_(development)" title="Hudson Yards (development)">Hudson Yards</a>, are also extremely expensive. This development has cost the City of New York over 2.2 billion dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics argue that taxpayer dollars could better serve the general public if spent elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, mixed-use developments, as a catalyst for economic growth, may not serve their intended purpose if they simply shift economic activity, rather than create it. A study done by Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated (JLL) found that "90 percent of Hudson Yards' new office tenants relocated from Midtown."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_contemporary_mixed-use_zoning">Types of contemporary mixed-use zoning</h2></div>

<p>Some of the more frequent mixed-use scenarios in the United States are:<sup id="cite_ref-arc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><b>Neighborhood commercial</b> zoning – convenience goods and services, such as <a href="Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">convenience stores</a>, permitted in otherwise strictly residential areas</li>

<li><b>Main Street residential/commercial</b> – two to three-story buildings with residential units above and commercial units on the ground floor facing the street</li>

<li><b>Urban residential/commercial</b> – multi-story residential buildings with commercial and civic uses on ground floor</li>

<li><b>Office convenience</b> – office buildings with small retail and service uses oriented to the office workers</li>

<li><b>Office/residential</b> – multi-family residential units within office building(s)</li>

<li><b>Shopping mall conversion</b> – residential and/or office units added (adjacent) to an existing standalone shopping mall</li>

<li><b>Retail district retrofit</b> – retrofitting of a suburban retail area to a more village-like appearance and mix of uses</li>

<li><b>Live/work</b> – residents can operate small businesses on the ground floor of the building where they live</li>

<li><b>Studio/light industrial</b> – residents may operate studios or small workshops in the building where they live</li>

<li><b>Hotel/residence</b> – mix hotel space and high-end multi-family residential</li>

<li><b>Parking structure with ground-floor retail</b></li>

<li><b>Single-family detached home district with standalone shopping center</b></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_cities'_mixed-use_planning_policies">Examples of cities' mixed-use planning policies</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div>

<p>The first large-scale attempt to create mixed-use development in Australia was the <a href="Sydney_Region_Outline_Plan" title="Sydney Region Outline Plan">Sydney Region Outline Plan</a>, a plan that identified <a href="Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>'s need to decentralise and organise its growth around the metropolitan area. Its main objective was to control the city's rapid post-war population growth by introducing growth corridors and economic centres that would help prevent uncontrolled sprawl and the overuse of the car as a means of transport <sup id="cite_ref-srop_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srop-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several city centres such as <a href="Parramatta" title="Parramatta">Parramatta</a> or <a href="Campbelltown%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Campbelltown, New South Wales">Campbelltown</a> benefited from these policies, creating economic hubs with his own inner-city amenities along Sydney's main thoroughfares.<sup id="cite_ref-srop_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srop-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Subsequent plans complemented the initial one with new policies focused on economic and urban renewal issues. In particular, the 1988 Plan was designed in collaboration with a transport strategy and was the first to recommend higher development densities.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, Australian planning authorities have given greater priority to mixed-use development of inner-city industrial land as a way of revitalising areas neglected by the decline in manufacturing, consolidating and densifying the previously underpopulated urban centres.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new urban planning approach has had a significant impact on the use of land parcels in major Australian cities: according to 2021 data from <a href="Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>, mixed zoning already suppose more than 9% of new housing approvals.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div>

<p>One of the first cities to adopt a policy on mixed-use development is <a href="Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. The local government first played a role in 1986 with a zoning bylaw that allowed for commercial and residential units to be mixed. At the time, Toronto was in the beginning stages of planning a focus on developing mixed-use development due to the growing popularity of more social housing. The law has since been updated as recently as 2013, shifting much of its focus outside the downtown area which has been a part of the main city since 1998. With the regulations in place, the city has overseen the development of high-rise condominiums throughout the city with amenities and transit stops nearby. Toronto's policies of mixed-use development have inspired other North American cities in Canada and the United States to bring about similar changes.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One example of a <a href="Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> mixed-use development is Mirvish Village<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by architect <a href="Gregory_Henriquez" title="Gregory Henriquez">Gregory Henriquez</a>. Located at <a href="Bloor_Street" title="Bloor Street">Bloor</a> and <a href="Bathurst_Street_(Toronto)" title="Bathurst Street (Toronto)">Bathurst Street</a>, a significant intersection in Toronto, portions of the Mirvish Village project site are zoned as "commercial residential" and others as "mixed commercial residential".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the City of Toronto's zoning by-laws, commercial residential includes "a range of commercial, residential and institutional uses, as well as parks."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirvish Village's programmatic uses include rental apartments, a public market, and small-unit retail,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while also preserving 23 of 27 heritage houses on site.<sup id="cite_ref-Bozikovic_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozikovic-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project is notable for its public consultation process, which was lauded by Toronto city officials.<sup id="cite_ref-Bozikovic_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozikovic-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Architect <a href="Gregory_Henriquez" title="Gregory Henriquez">Henriquez</a> and the developer had previously collaborated on mixed-use projects in <a href="Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, including the successful <a href="Woodward's_Building" title="Woodward's Building">Woodward's Redevelopment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<p>In the United States, the <a href="United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) collaborates with local governments by providing researchers developing new data that estimates how a city can be impacted by mixed-use development. With the EPA putting models in the spreadsheet, it makes it much easier for municipalities, and developers to estimate the traffic, with Mixed-use spaces. The linking models also used as a resource tool measures the geography, demographics, and land use characteristics in a city. The Environmental Protection Agency has conducted an analysis on six major metropolitan areas using land usage, household surveys, and GIS databases. States such as California, Washington, New Mexico, and Virginia have adopted this standard as statewide policy when assessing how urban developments can impact traffic. Preconditions for the success of mixed-use developments are employment, population, and <a href="Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a>. The three preconditions ensure that a development can attract quality tenants and financial success. Other factors determining the success of the mixed-use development is the proximity of production time, and the costs from the surrounding market.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portland">Portland</h4></div>

<p>Mixed-use zoning has been implemented in <a href="Portland%2C_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, since the early 1990s, when the local government wanted to reduce the then-dominant car-oriented development style. The <a href="MAX_Light_Rail" title="MAX Light Rail">Metropolitan Area Express</a>, Portland's light rail system, encourages the mixing of residential, commercial, and work spaces into one zone.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this one-zoning-type planning system, the use of land at increased densities provides a return in public investments throughout the city. Main street corridors provide flexible building heights and high density uses to enable "gathering places".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hudson_Yards,_NYC">Hudson Yards, NYC</h4></div>

<p><a href="Hudson_Yards_(development)" title="Hudson Yards (development)">Hudson Yards</a> project is the US's largest project to ever be financed by TIF (<a href="Tax_increment_financing" title="Tax increment financing">tax increment financing</a>) subsidies. It did not require voter approval, nor did it have to go through the city's traditional budgeting process. Rather, the project is financed by future property taxes and the <a href="EB-5_visa" title="EB-5 visa">EB-5 Visa</a> Program.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This program provides VISAs to overseas investors in exchange for placing a minimum of $500,000 into US real estate.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Activity_centre" title="Activity centre">Activity centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Automobile_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile dependency">Automobile dependency</a></li>

<li><a href="Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main Street</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedestrian_village" title="Pedestrian village">Pedestrian village</a></li>

<li><a href="Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Principles of Intelligent Urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-use_zoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-use zoning">Single-use zoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Place">Third Place</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128011547/http://www.atlantaregional.com/File%20Library/Local%20Gov%20Services/gs_cct_mixedusetool_1109.pdf">"Quality Growth Toolkit: Mixed-use Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Atlanta Regional Commission. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlantaregional.com/File%20Library/Local%20Gov%20Services/gs_cct_mixedusetool_1109.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-11-28.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O’Connell, Evan. Submission to the Cork City Development Plan 2021-2028: Re: Mixed Planning System. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://consult.corkcity.ie/ga/system/files/materials/1399/2492/Submission%20to%20the%20Cork%20City%20Development%20Plan%202021-2028_%20Re_%20Mixed%20Planning%20System.pdf">https://consult.corkcity.ie/ga/system/files/materials/1399/2492/Submission%20to%20the%20Cork%20City%20Development%20Plan%202021-2028_%20Re_%20Mixed%20Planning%20System.pdf</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xiaoping Liu, Ning Niu, Xingjian Liu, He Jin, Jinpei Ou, Limin Jiao & Yaolin Liu (2018) Characterizing mixed-use buildings based on multi-source big data, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 32:4, 738-756, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13658816.2017.1410549">10.1080/13658816.2017.1410549</a></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9kVDDS8DN_0C"><i>Reclaiming the City</i>, 1997, Andy Coupland</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120920012455/http%3A//www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/156291.pdf">"Mixed use development, practice and potential", Department for Communities and Local Government, UK Government</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14649357.2017.1281996">What is functional mix?</a>, <i>Planning Theory and Practice</i> 18(2):249-267 · February 2017</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mixed-use_developments" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Mixed-use developments">Mixed-use developments</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Real_estate_developments467" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate developments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_park" title="Business park">Business park</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus station</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_area" title="Commercial area">Commercial area</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Office building">Office building</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Inland_port" title="Inland port">inland</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">Power center</a></li>

<li><a href="Retail_park" title="Retail park">Retail park</a></li>

<li><a href="Riverfront" title="Riverfront">Riverfront</a></li>

<li><a href="Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Shopping center</a> (<a href="Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">Shopping mall</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_shopping_streets_and_districts_by_city" title="List of shopping streets and districts by city">Shopping streets and districts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">Business cluster</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">Industrial district</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">Industrial park</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">Technology centers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agrihood" title="Agrihood">Agrihood</a></li>

<li><a href="Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">Boarding house</a></li>

<li><a href="Bungalow_court" title="Bungalow court">Bungalow court</a></li>

<li><a href="City_block" title="City block">City block</a></li>

<li><a href="Closed_community" title="Closed community">Closed community</a></li>

<li><a href="Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_home" title="Executive home">Executive home</a></li>

<li><a href="Golf_course_community" title="Golf course community">Golf course community</a></li>

<li><a href="Gated_community" title="Gated community">Gated community</a></li>

<li><a href="Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">Housing estate</a></li>

<li><a href="Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxury_apartment" title="Luxury apartment">Luxury apartment</a></li>

<li><a href="McMansion" title="McMansion">McMansion</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_dwellings_company" title="Model dwellings company">Model dwellings for the poor</a></li>

<li><a href="Multifamily_residential" title="Multifamily residential">Multifamily residential</a></li>

<li><a href="Penthouse_apartment" title="Penthouse apartment">Penthouse apartment</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_community" title="Private community">Private community</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Airpark" title="Airpark">Residential airpark</a></li>

<li><a href="Residential_area" title="Residential area">Residential area</a></li>

<li><a href="Retirement_community" title="Retirement community">Retirement community</a></li>

<li><a href="Revenue_house" title="Revenue house">Revenue house</a></li>

<li><a href="Rooming_house" title="Rooming house">Rooming house</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-room_occupancy" title="Single-room occupancy">Single-room occupancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivision</a></li>

<li><a href="Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavior_modification_facility" title="Behavior modification facility">Behavior modification facility</a></li>

<li><a href="Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment center</a></li>

<li><a href="Therapeutic_boarding_school" title="Therapeutic boarding school">Therapeutic boarding school</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Elderly_care" title="Elderly care">Elderly care</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Age-restricted_community" title="Age-restricted community">Age-restricted community</a></li>

<li><a href="Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">Nursing home</a></li>

<li><a href="Retirement_home" title="Retirement home">Retirement home</a></li>

<li><a href="Senior_living" title="Senior living">Senior living</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science/education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Akademgorodok_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Akademgorodok (disambiguation)">Akademgorodok</a></li>

<li><a href="Atomgrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomgrad">Atomgrad</a></li>

<li><a href="Campus" title="Campus">Campus</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_research_parks" title="List of research parks">Research park</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_campus" title="Satellite campus">Satellite campus</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_park" title="Science park">Science park</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li>

<li><a href="Civic_center" title="Civic center">Civic center</a></li>

<li><a href="Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">Planned cities</a></li>

<li><a href="Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a>

<ul><li><a href="Urban_park" title="Urban park">parks</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Building" title="Building">Buildings</a> (<a href="List_of_building_types" title="List of building types">types</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apartment" title="Apartment">Apartment</a></li>

<li><a href="House" title="House">House</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a></li>

<li><a href="Tower_block" title="Tower block">Tower block</a></li>

<li><a href="Villa" title="Villa">Villa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield land</a></li>

<li><a href="Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li>

<li><a href="Residential_cluster_development" title="Residential cluster development">Residential cluster development</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li>

<li><a href="Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">Greenfield land</a></li>

<li><a href="Greyfield_land" title="Greyfield land">Greyfield land</a></li>

<li><a href="Groundscraper" title="Groundscraper">Groundscraper</a></li>

<li><a href="Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_non-building_structure_types" title="List of non-building structure types">Nonbuilding</a></li>

<li><a href="NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li>

<li><a href="Parking" title="Parking">Parking</a> (<a href="Multistorey_car_park" title="Multistorey car park">Multistorey car park</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">Planning permission</a></li>

<li><a href="Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li>

<li><a href="Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li>

<li><a href="YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AHousing" title="Portal:Housing">Housing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urban_planning715" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Urban_planning715" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_urban_planning_articles" title="Index of urban planning articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_urban_planning" title="Outline of urban planning">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li>

<li><a href="Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li>

<li><a href="Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></li>

<li><a href="Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Planning_and_zoning_commission" title="Planning and zoning commission">Planning and zoning commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Growth_management" title="Growth management">Growth management</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Urbanism_Day" title="World Urbanism Day">World Urbanism Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_market_area" title="Labor market area">Labor market area</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br>branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Comprehensive_planning" title="Comprehensive planning">Comprehensive planning</a> (US)</li>

<li><a href="History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">Spatial planning</a> (Eur)</li>

<li><a href="Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a></li>

<li><a href="Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">Conservation development</a></li>

<li><a href="Preservation_development" title="Preservation development">Preservation development</a></li>

<li><a href="Rural_housing" title="Rural housing">Rural housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Village_design_statement" title="Village design statement">Village design statement</a> (UK)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Regional_Planning_Association_of_America" title="Regional Planning Association of America">Regional Planning Association of America</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Recreation_resource_planning" title="Recreation resource planning">Recreation resource planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transportation_forecasting" title="Transportation forecasting">Transportation forecasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Trip_distribution" title="Trip distribution">Trip distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Rational_planning_model" title="Rational planning model">Rational planning model</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_transportation_planner" title="Professional transportation planner">Professional transportation planner</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_freight_distribution" title="Urban freight distribution">Urban freight distribution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Community_economic_development" title="Community economic development">Community economic development</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts/ <br>theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Athens_Charter" title="Athens Charter">Athens Charter</a></li>

<li><a href="Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li>

<li><a href="City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark-sky_movement" title="Dark-sky movement">Dark-sky movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_planning" title="Indigenous planning">Indigenous planning</a></li>

<li><a href="NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li>

<li><a href="Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transition_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition towns">Transition towns</a></li>

<li><a href="YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Collaborative_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative planning">Collaborative planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Intelligent urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Livable_streets" class="mw-redirect" title="Livable streets">Livable streets</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market urbanism">Market urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Radical_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical planning">Radical planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Cities by type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a> / <a href="Monotown" title="Monotown">Monotown</a></li>

<li><a href="Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_community" title="Mining community">Mining community</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pit_village" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit village">Pit village</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Logging_camp" title="Logging camp">Logging camp</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li>

<li><a href="Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a> (New town)</li>

<li><a href="Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li>

<li><a href="Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_village" title="Urban village">Urban village</a></li>

<li><a href="Boomtown" title="Boomtown">Boomtown</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">Affordable housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Cluster_development" title="Cluster development">Cluster development</a></li>

<li><a href="Complete_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Communities">Complete Communities</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li>

<li><a href="Creative_city" title="Creative city">Creative city</a></li>

<li><a href="Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a> (US)</li>

<li><a href="Filtering_(housing)" title="Filtering (housing)">Filtering (housing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> / <a href="Brusselization" title="Brusselization">Brusselization</a></li>

<li><a href="Infill" title="Infill">Infill</a></li>

<li><a href="Healthy_city" title="Healthy city">Healthy cities</a> / <a href="Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li>

<li><a href="Leapfrog_development" title="Leapfrog development">Leapfrog development</a></li>

<li><a href="Permeability_(spatial_and_transport_planning)" title="Permeability (spatial and transport planning)">Permeability</a></li>

<li><a href="Placemaking" title="Placemaking">Placemaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Planning_gain" title="Planning gain">Planning gain</a></li>

<li><a href="Planning_Permission" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Permission">Planning Permission</a></li>

<li><a href="Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporary_use" title="Temporary use">Temporary use</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_place" title="Third place">Third place</a></li>

<li><a href="Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Transferable_development_rights" title="Transferable development rights">Transferable development rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">Urban growth boundary</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> / <a href="Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">Peri-urbanisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li>

<li><a href="Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Verticalization" title="Verticalization">Verticalization</a> / <a href="High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">High-rise urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Theorists/<br>practitioners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edward_Bassett" title="Edward Bassett">Edward Bassett</a></li>

<li><a href="Andr%C3%A9s_Duany" title="Andrés Duany">Andrés Duany</a></li>

<li><a href="Clarence_Perry" title="Clarence Perry">Clarence Perry</a></li>

<li><a href="Clarence_Stein" title="Clarence Stein">Clarence Stein</a></li>

<li><a href="Colin_Buchanan_(town_planner)" title="Colin Buchanan (town planner)">Colin Buchanan</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Appleyard" title="Donald Appleyard">Donald Appleyard</a></li>

<li><a href="Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Bacon_(architect)" title="Edmund Bacon (architect)">Edmund Bacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Guy_Benveniste" title="Guy Benveniste">Guy Benveniste</a></li>

<li><a href="Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Rouse" title="James Rouse">James Rouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Konstantinos_Apostolos_Doxiadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis">Konstantinos Doxiadis</a></li>

<li><a href="Kevin_A._Lynch" title="Kevin A. Lynch">Kevin A. Lynch</a></li>

<li><a href="Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li>

<li><a href="Loretta_Lees" title="Loretta Lees">Loretta Lees</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Calthorpe" title="Peter Calthorpe">Peter Calthorpe</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a></li>

<li><a href="Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Adams_(architect)" title="Thomas Adams (architect)">Thomas Adams</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_urban_theorists" title="List of urban theorists">List of urban theorists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_urban_planners" title="List of urban planners">List of urban planners</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elizabeth_Farrelly" title="Elizabeth Farrelly">Elizabeth Farrelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li>

<li><a href="Randal_O'Toole" title="Randal O'Toole">Randal O'Toole</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Urban_planning_education" title="Urban planning education">Planning education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Planning_Accreditation_Board" title="Planning Accreditation Board">Planning Accreditation Board</a></li>

<li><a href="Graduate_real_estate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate real estate education">Real estate education</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Professional organizations</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Urban_planning_in_Australia" title="Urban planning in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_China" title="Urban planning in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Urban planning in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_planning_in_Serbia" title="Spatial planning in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_Taiwan" title="Urban planning in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Urban_planning_of_Barcelona" title="Urban planning of Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_of_Shanghai" title="Urban planning of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_of_Sydney" title="Urban planning of Sydney">Sydney</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Urban_planning_in_Africa" title="Urban planning in Africa">Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_communist_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban planning in communist countries">Communist countries</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Urban planning in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br>fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></li>

<li><a href="Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_spatial_planning" title="Marine spatial planning">Marine spatial planning </a></li>

<li><a href="Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ACities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><a href="List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">List of planned cities</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_planning_journals" title="List of planning journals">List of planning journals</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urban_planning" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Urban planning"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4298922#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4298922#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94005126">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007544483705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/8268a909-c5e8-4687-8ff7-1c2e41e44011">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-11" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Mixed-use_development&oldid=1300038737">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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